Epidemiology and Public Health

Effect of stress and trauma during pregnancy

Long-term exposure to excessive stress levels can result in heart disease and high blood pressure, among other health issues. Stress during pregnancy can raise the likelihood of having a kid that is born too early.

Prenatal stress may impact pregnancy by interfering with the adjustments that the mother's endocrine, neurological, and immunological systems make during the course of the pregnancy. The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis' tendency to respond less strongly to stress and the immune system's shift toward an anti-inflammatory profile in pregnant women.

• Economic factors influencing child and maternal health
• Myths followed during pregnancy