9^th International conference on Epidemiology & Public Health October, 17-18, 2018 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

It is a branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population. Medicine is a science and practice of the treatment, and prevention of disease. Medical availability and clinical practice varies across the world due to regional differences in culture and technology. In modern clinical practice, doctors personally assess patients in order to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease using clinical judgment. The doctor-patient relationship typically begins an interaction with an examination of the patient's medical history and medical record, followed by a medical interview and a physical examination. The diagnosis and treatment may take only a few minutes or a few weeks depending upon the complexity of the issue.

Health care is responsible to the prevailing population conditions, such as fertility, noncommunicable diseases and deaths in specific conditions, and grows in the minority and elderly subgroups. Epidemiologist measures such as incidence and validity are presented. A useful definition of health services and appropriate sources of data are also given. The use of epidemiologic and other data, like aging of the population, in the planning of health services is illustrated. Similarly, the use of the study of evaluation of various services is highlighted.

In spite of the fact that the part of the study of disease transmission is broadly acknowledged in general wellbeing programs when all is said in done, its part in unending illness projects is not as broadly perceived. One conceivable obstruction to enhancing epidemiologic limit in unending sickness aversion and wellbeing advancement projects is that constant ailment program directors and general wellbeing leaders may have a restricted comprehension of essential interminable ailment the study of disease transmission capacities. We depict the appraisal procedure of information accumulation, examination, translation, and scattering, and, utilizing cases from two states, delineate how this approach can be utilized to bolster program and strategy advancement in three regions: by characterizing the issue, discovering programs that work, and assessing the impacts of the program after some time. Given the critical weight of endless illnesses in the United States, the logical direction given by the study of disease transmission is basic to enable general wellbeing pioneers to recognize needs and mediate with confirmation based and powerful counteractive action and control programs.

This is the branch of epidemiology which is dealing with the discovery of the environmental exposures that protect against injuries, illnesses, disabilities, and identification of public health and health care actions to prevent the risks associated with harmful exposures.  Using an epidemiologic approach, we can handle population-based research that integrates state-of art exposure and outcome estimate to evaluate the act of the environment in disease, disability, and other health problems and to develop a technique  for disease prevention and control.

Infectious Disease Epidemiology helps us to understand the correlations of contaminating agents, their hosts, vectors, and environment. This information helps in the understanding of how disease patterns vary among populations and how that impacts development of advanced therapies and treatment interventions.

The mission of the Chronic Disease Epidemiology Department (CDE) is to advance the health of the public by promoting a research-based approach to the prevention and management of chronic disease. Research in the chronic disease epidemiology cluster addresses the etiology, prevention, distribution, natural history, and treatment outcomes of chronic health disorders, including cancer (particularly breast, colon, lung, prostate, ovary, and pancreas), cardiovascular disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal and pulmonary disease, and obesity

Acute and chronic respiratory diseases impose a huge public health burden in the developing world. A large and growing body of scientific evidence indicates that household air pollution exposures contribute substantially to this burden. The most important source of indoor air pollution in developing countries is a unvented burning of biomass fuel and coal at the household stove. Indoor air pollution concentrations from such burning can be hundreds or thousands of times higher than outdoor concentrations in western countries. To date, unvented biomass fuel burning has been implicated in many non-malignant respiratory disorders, including acute lower respiratory infections in children, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cor pulmonale in adults (especially women), tuberculosis, and deficits in mechanical lung function. Indoor coal smoke exposure studied to data mainly in China, has been associated with both lung cancer and non-malignant respiratory disorders.Assessing allergy by measurement of serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies is fast and safe to perform. Serum antibodies can preferably be assessed in patients with dermatitis and in those who regularly use antihistamines and other pharmacological agents that reduce skin sensitivity. Skin tests represent the easiest tool to obtain quick and reliable information for the diagnosis of respiratory allergic diseases. It is the technique more widely used, specific and reasonably sensitive for most applications as a marker of atopy. Measurement of serum IgE antibodies and skin-prick testing may give complementary information and can be applied in clinical and epidemiological settings. Peripheral blood eosinophilia is less used but is important in clinical practice to demonstrate the allergic aetiology of disease, to monitor its clinical course and to address the choice of therapy. In epidemiology, hypereosinophilia seems to reflect an inflammatory reaction in the airways, which may be linked to obstructive airflow limitation.

Tropical diseases encompass all diseases that appear principally, in the tropics. In practice, the term is often taken to refer to infectious diseases that thrive in hot, humid conditions, such as malaria, Leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, African trypanosomiasis, and dengue.

Cancer epidemiology is the division of epidemiology which is dealing with the disease cancer. Epidemiology is concerned with cases that appear in populations: the primary units of concern are groups of people, not separate individuals. In fact, cancer epidemiological studies may target on precursors of cancer. Randomized controlled trials then test whether conclusions generated by epidemiological studies and laboratory data analysis actually result in reduced cancer incidence and mortality. Some cancer researchers have discussed that negative cancer clinical trials lack sufficient statistical power to discover an actual benefit to treatment. This may be because of fewer patients enrolled in the study than originally planned.

Studies conducted in the field of oral health epidemiology provide information on normal biological processes and on diseases of the oral cavity, identify populations at risk of oral disease or in need of specific care, and compare regional, environmental, social, and access similarities and differences in dental care between populations. Oral Epidemiology also tests preventive interventions for controlling disease and evaluates the effectiveness and quality of interventions and oral health programs.

Public health nursing focuses on person’s health that is affected by many factors, including genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environment. They go into communities to try and help people to improve their health and prevent disease. Public health nurses also serve direct health care services, including preventive care, screening services, and health education.

Health education is a primary deal with public health nurses. Drawing on their training as registered nurses, public health nurses provide people reliable, relevant information about how to protect their health. In low-income and rural people, public health nurses also provide critical health care services. They immunize schoolchildren, provide pre-natal and well-baby care and teach the aged people how to stay safe and healthy at home. They also must be able to recognize and respond to potential health crises.

Epidemiology beyond the basics, that can help geneticists to overcome these problems, specifically by providing the infrastructure to collect large phenotype samples from affected and unaffected individuals drawn from similar ethnic backgrounds. Typically these disciplines  are derived from population-based, natural history studies of specific diseases often established years ago prior to the evolution of the technology that underpins the genomics revolution.

Antibiotics and similar drugs, together called antimicrobial agents, have been used for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. These drugs are helping to cure illness and death from infectious diseases. However, these drugs have been implemented so widely and for so long to kill infectious organisms. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become arrested with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections.

Epidemiologic surveillance is the continuous systematic collection, recording, study, analysis, and dissemination of data reflecting the current public health status of society. The scope of epidemiologic surveillance has derived from a primary focus on infectious disease monitoring and intervention to a more scope that includes injuries, environmental exposures, and social factors that influence health status.

Surveillance is a tool used to study epidemics and public health emergencies. This process includes suspicion of an infectious disease, confirmation of disease, disease reporting, case investigation, prevention and control to limit the spread of disease, and feedback to educate health practitioners and healthcare providers about the epidemiologic characteristics of the disease and its burden in the population. Provide electronic surveillance of communicable disease

Collaboration between anthropology and epidemiology has a long and tumultuous history. Based on experimental examples, this paper represents a number of epistemological studies we have learned through our experiments. Although both mainstream epidemiology and medical anthropology focuses on the implications of addressing each stream main epistemological differences while addressing the goal of adopting a broader social approach to health improvement. We believe it is important to push the boundaries of research collaborations from the more standard forms of “multidisciplinary,” to the adoption of theoretically imbued “interdisciplinary.” The more we challenge epistemological limitations and modify ways of knowing, the more we will be able to provide in-depth explanations for the emergence of disease-patterns and thus, to problem-solve.

The amount of a particular disease that is usually present in a community is introduced   to as the baseline or endemic level of the disease. While some diseases are so rare in a given population that a single case warrants an epidemiologic transition, other diseases occur more commonly so that only deviations from the norm warrant investigation. Sporadic refers to a disease that take place infrequently and irregularly.